The systematics, morphology, ecology and biology of an Isfahan endemic toothcarp, Aphanius isfahanensis Hrbek, Keivany & Coad, 2006 (Cyprinodontidae) are summarized. This fish is not listed in IUCN’s Red Data Book, but it should be due to criteria such as restricted distribution, destruction of spawning grounds, dam construction, and environmental pollution. This vulnerable species has considerable ecological importance, but there are little data on its biology. The limited data on its distribution, ecology, reproduction and threats are summarized and discussed.
